MILP model for volt-var optimization considering chronological operation of distribution systems containing DERs

This paper presents a mixed-integer linear programming model for volt-var optimization considering the chro-nological operation of distribution systems containing distributed energy resources (DERs). The proposed model describes the operation problem of capacitor banks (CBs) and voltage regulators (VRs), and it is further based on the steady-state operation during each time interval contained in typical scenarios of distribution systems. A procedure using a K-means clustering algorithm is used to select the scenarios, thus preserving the simultaneity and chronological combination of different loads and DERs. According to the formulation that we developed, the regulation devices become sensitive to downstream load variations, since we use explicit current variables to control automatic CBs, and since we include means to compensate voltage drops along distribution lines in the control of VRs. The model is validated by comparing the results obtained during several tests of two typical cases with those obtained through nonlinear power flow. The typical case studies presented in the paper highlight the good agreement between the results obtained with the linearized model and with power flow method; further, the practical results confirm that the use of typical scenarios allows representing different levels of loads and DERs, while keeping the validity and performance of the proposed model

Expansion planning of power distribution systems considering reliability : a comprehensive review

One of the big concerns when planning the expansion of power distribution systems (PDS) is reliability. This is defined as the ability to continuously meet the load demand of consumers in terms of quantity and quality. In a scenario in which consumers increasingly demand high supply quality, including few interruptions and continuity, it becomes essential to consider reliability indices in models used to plan PDS. The inclusion of reliability in optimization models is a challenge, given the need to estimate failure rates for the network and devices. Such failure rates depend on the specific characteristics of a feeder. In this context, this paper discusses the main reliability indices, followed by a comprehensive survey of the methods and models used to solve the optimal expansion planning of PDS considering reliability criteria. Emphasis is also placed on comparing the main features and contributions of each article, aiming to provide a handy resource for researchers. The comparison includes the decision variables and reliability indices considered in each reviewed article, which can be used as a guide to applying the most suitable method according to the requisites of the system. In addition, each paper is classified according to the optimization method, objective type (single or multiobjective), and the number of stages. Finally, we discuss future research trends concerning the inclusion of reliability in PDS expansion planning

Five-phase induction machine control with optimized air gap field

This paper presents the mathematical formulation of a dynamic model of five-phase induction machines. The model is based on symmetrical components of instantaneous value, decoupling the effects of the fundamental and the third harmonic air gap induction components. Through this model, two sets of dynamic equations are obtained, corresponding to the fundamental and the third harmonic state space representations of the machine equations. Simulation results are obtained employing a modified V/f control technique, which uses weighting factors for each harmonic component in order to impose a trapezoidal induction waveform in the air gap of the machine. The simulation results are validated by practical tests.Apresenta-se neste artigo a formulação matemática de um modelo dinâmico para máquinas de indução pentafásicas. O modelo apresentado é baseado em componentes simétricas de valor instantâneo, resultando no desacoplamento das componentes fundamental e de terceiro harmônico da indução no entreferro A partir deste modelo obtém-se dois conjuntos de equações que correspondem a representação em variáveis de estados do efeito de cada um dos componentes harmônicos nas equações da máquina. Resultados de simulação baseados em uma técnica de controle do tipo V/f, a qual utiliza fatores de ponderação para as componentes harmônicas a fim de impor de uma forma de onda de indução trapezoidal no entreferro da máquina, são comprovados experimentalmente validando o modelo proposto

Five-phase induction machine control with optimized air gap field

This paper presents the mathematical formulation of a dynamic model of five-phase induction machines. The model is based on symmetrical components of instantaneous value, decoupling the effects of the fundamental and the third harmonic air gap induction components. Through this model, two sets of dynamic equations are obtained, corresponding to the fundamental and the third harmonic state space representations of the machine equations. Simulation results are obtained employing a modified V/f control technique, which uses weighting factors for each harmonic component in order to impose a trapezoidal induction waveform in the air gap of the machine. The simulation results are validated by practical tests.Apresenta-se neste artigo a formulação matemática de um modelo dinâmico para máquinas de indução pentafásicas. O modelo apresentado é baseado em componentes simétricas de valor instantâneo, resultando no desacoplamento das componentes fundamental e de terceiro harmônico da indução no entreferro A partir deste modelo obtém-se dois conjuntos de equações que correspondem a representação em variáveis de estados do efeito de cada um dos componentes harmônicos nas equações da máquina. Resultados de simulação baseados em uma técnica de controle do tipo V/f, a qual utiliza fatores de ponderação para as componentes harmônicas a fim de impor de uma forma de onda de indução trapezoidal no entreferro da máquina, são comprovados experimentalmente validando o modelo proposto